日本

From AASL

Current revision as of 20:25, 24 January 2017

■現地における「日本」の手話表現

■イラスト掲載文献

「日本」(日本手話研究所「手話確定普及研究部」編. ヘドバーグ,トーマス監修. 2002.『国名手話ガイドブック』東京: 財団法人全日本ろうあ連盟出版局. 10.)

"Japan" (In: Japanese Federation of the Deaf ed. Supervisor: Hedberg, Tomas. 2003. Country name-signs. Helsinki, Finland: World Federation of the Deaf. 10.)

■音声言語

日本語（Japanese）

■手話言語

日本手話（Japanese Sign Language）

奄美大島手話（Amami O Shima Sign Language）

■ろう者人口

• 日本手話の話者人口 317,000人 (VanCleve 1986 エスノローグウェブ版)

• 日本政府によるろう者人口　：312,000人. 全日本ろうあ連盟によるろう者人口　：23,905人. （WFD. 2008. Global Survey Report. : 下記 文献 欄参照.）

■手話の法的地位

■ろう者の組織・団体

全日本ろうあ連盟（Japanese Federation of the Deaf (JFD)　世界ろう連盟加盟団体; 1947年設立.（WFD. 2008. Global Survey Report. : 下記 文献 欄参照.））

■手話の研究機関、学会、大学

■ろう教育

• 教育を受ける機会（Access to Education）（WFD. 2008. Global Survey Report. : 下記 文献 欄参照.　より）

1.政府は、ろう児およびろう学生が教育を受ける権利を認めている（The government recognizes that Deaf children and Deaf students have the right to receive an education.）

2.ろう教育に関連する法律・政策（Legislation or policies on Deaf Education）：

a) 教育基本法

b) 学校教育法

3.政府は次の教育環境をろう児およびろう学生に提供している（The government provides those educational settings for Deaf children and Deaf students）：

早期介入（５歳まで）（Early intervention (Up to 5 years old)）

幼稚園（３・４歳から５・６歳まで）（Kindergarten (Between 3/4 years old to 5/6 years old)）

初等教育（５・６歳から１２・１３歳）（Primary (From 5/6 years old to 12/13 years old)）

中等教育（１２・１３歳から１７・１８歳）（Secondary (From 12/13 years old to 17/18 years old)）

大学（１８歳以上）（University (After 18 years old)）

職業教育・訓練（Vocational Education/Training）

4.政府は国の手話を用いたバイリンガル教育を次の教育機関で提供している（The government provides bilingual education using the country’s sign language(s) for Deaf children and Deaf students in those educational settings）：

該当なし

5.ろう児およびろう学生のための特別な学校数、また学校におけるろう児・ろう学生とのコミュニケーションの教育方法について（Schools specifically for Deaf children and Deaf students in the country, and the educational approach for communicating with Deaf children and students at the Deaf School）：

１０６のろう学校(106 Schools)

バイリンガル教育(Bilingual Education)

口話法(Oral Method)

キュードスピーチ(Cued Speech)

口話および手話（トータルコミュニケーション）(Oral and Sign Language (Total Communication))

聴覚活用による音声言語教育(Auditory Verbal)

6.大学でのろう者の受け入れ状況および、大学内の手話通訳の利用（Deaf people’s access to a University education and sign language interpreting services at University）：

ほとんどすべての大学がろう者を受け入れている。入学試験を拒否する大学はない。(Almost all universities provide access. There are no universities that reject Deaf students from taking entrance examinations.)

手話通訳サービスなし(No sign language interpreting service)

■手話通訳

• 一般財団法人　日本手話通訳士協会

• 全国手話通訳問題研究会

• WASLI報告によると、手話通訳者協会が設立されている(WASLI. 2011. WASLI Activities Report 2007-2011 (下記 文献 欄参照.))

• 手話サービス通訳の状況（Status of Sign Language Interpreting Services）（WFD. 2008. Global Survey Report. : 下記 文献 欄参照.　より）

1.国内の手話通訳者数(The number of sign language interpreters in the country):

国が認定する手話通訳士：　２００７年３月時点で１７８９名( Nationally Certified Sign Language Interpreters: 1,789 as of March 2007 )

地域の登録通訳者：　２００３年時点で約２００００人(Locally Registered Sign Language Interpreters: around 20,000 as of 2003)

2.手話通訳者の資格制度有り(There are some Sign language interpreting qualifications in the country.)

3.有資格の手話通訳者養成担当者・機関(The provider of the training for people who want to become qualified sign language interpreters):

コミュニティカレッジ(Community College)

全国ろう協会(National Association of the Deaf)

その他：　多くの地方自治体が手話通訳訓練プロジェクトの予算を配分しており、地域のろう協会と協力して手話講習会を開いている(Other: Many local governments allocate a budget for Sign Language Interpreter Training projects and offer sign language courses for the public in co-operation with local associations of the Deaf)

4.手話通訳者になるための訓練の年数(Total years of training to become a sign languate interpreters):

３年。多くの地方自治体は、日常会話レベルの通訳ができる手話ヘルパーを育てる３年コースを提供している。国家資格としての手話通訳士試験を受けるには、通常２～５年の通訳実務経験が必要である(Three years: Local governments throughout the country offer 3-year courses to train Sign Language Helpers who can interpret on the level of daily conversations. It usually takes 2-5 years of actual interpreting experience to pass the National Qualification Examination of Sign Language Interpretation (for National Certification of Sign Language Interpreters)

5.正式な公的資格を持った手話通訳者の数(The number of sign language interpreters who have formal interpreting qualifications in the country):

国が認定する手話通訳士：　２００７年３月時点で１７８９名( Nationally Certified Sign Language Interpreters: 1,789 as of March 2007 )

県の行政や地域の行政も地元の手話通訳者のための資格試験を実施している(Prefectural administrations and municipal administrations also conduct qualification examinations for sign language interpreters working in the local setting.)

6.ろう者が手話通訳者を利用する方法(The way Deaf people access sign language interpreters):

ろう者は、手話通訳者派遣センター、ボランティアセンター、ろう者のための情報センター、地元のろう者協会など、居住区の拠点で手話通訳を依頼できる(A Deaf person can request sign language interpreting services at the focal point of his residential area, such as a Sign Language Interpreter Dispatch Centre, Volunteer Centre, Information Centre for the Deaf and Local Associations of the Deaf.)

7.手話通訳サービス提供者・機関(The provier of the sign language interpreting services):

政府(Government)

その他：　ほとんどの地方自治体が地元のろう者協会を通して委託事業として手話通訳サービスを行う(Others: Most local governments provide a sign language interpreting service through local associations of the Deaf as an entrusted project)

8.生活の中で手話通訳サービスを利用できる範囲（The area of life sign language interpreting services are available）:

社会福祉(Social Services)

健康・医療(Health/Medical Services)

雇用(Employment Services)

裁判(Court Services)

教育(Educational Services)

カウンセリング(Counselling Services)

金融機関(Financial Institutions)

冠婚葬祭(Funerals/Weddings)

娯楽(Entertainment)

9.手話通訳者への支払いおよび支払い負担者（The payment for interpreting services, and those who are responsible for paying）:

手話通訳者は通訳サービスの対価を受け取る（Sign language interpreters receive payment for interpreting services）

政府が支払う：　基本的に、政府はろう者から依頼のあった通訳サービスについて支払いの義務を負う（Government pays: Government is basically responsible for paying interpreters for services required by Deaf persons.）

その他：　通訳者は、企業、機関、個人などに雇われることもある(Others: Interpreters may also be hired and paid by enterprises, organisations, private individuals, and so forth. )

10.手話通訳者の1時間あたりの平均時給（The average hourly rate of payment for sign language interpreters）:

１時間あたり１１００円が国の平均である（７ユーロ：２００８年１月３１日現在のレート）(1100 Yen per hour - National average (7.00€ on 31st January 2008))

11.手話通訳者は、ボランティアサービスで通訳を行なうことがある（Sign language interpreters some times provide voluntary service for sign language interpreting assignments.)

12.手話通訳者協会（National Association of Sign Language Interpreters):

全国ろう者協会から独立している (independent from the National Association of the Deaf）

13.全国的な手話通訳者に関する倫理綱領（National Code of Ethics for sign language interpreters）:

制定されている

14.政府が手話通訳を提供する責任があると明記した法律や政策(.Legislation or policy in the country which states that the government has a responsibility for the provision of sign language):

身体障害者福祉法(Law for the Welfare of Physically Disabled Persons)

身体障害者の通信・放送サービス利用を容易にする事業推進法(Law for Promoting Businesses that Facilitate the Use of Communications and Broadcast Services by the Physically Disabled Persons)

障害者のための基本法(Fundamental Law for Disabled Persons)

厚生労働省の施策と方針(Measures and policies of Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare)

全国的な障害者の社会参加を促進するプロジェクト(Project to nationally promote social participation of persons with disabilities)

• この国の手話通訳については、WASLIによって2006年に行われた類似のアンケート調査で得られたデータが、 WASLI Newsletter 2007 Issue 6に載っている (下記 文献 欄参照.)。

1.国の手話言語（The sign language in the country ）:

日本手話（Japanese Sign Language）

2.国の音声言語（Spoken languages）:

日本語（Japanese）

■ろう者の宗教活動

■ろう者コミュニティと文化

■著名なろう者、手話関係者

■手話辞典

全日本聾唖連盟日本手話研究所編. 1997.「日本語-手話辞典」.東京：全日本聾唖連盟出版局

Japanese Federation of the Deaf. Institute for Sign Language Studies(Editorial Board: Honna, Nobuyuki, Mihoko Kato, Michiko Tsuchiya and Kunihiko Sadahiro) eds. 1991. An English dictionary of basic Japanese signs. Tokyo: Japanese Federation of the Deaf.　（全日本聾唖連盟日本手話研究所（編集員：本名信行、加藤美保子、土谷道子、貞広邦彦）編.　1991.「英語版　日本手話単語集」．東京：全日本聾唖連盟出版局）

香港中華YMCA・台北YMCA・クアラルンプールYMCA・大阪YMCA編．1989.『四ヶ国手話辞典２（聾人手語）』（第4版）大阪: 大阪YMCA. [ 台湾手話、日本手話、香港手話、マレーシア手話の手話辞典．韓国手話の指文字ページあり．]

香港中華YMCA・台北YMCA・マレーシアYMCA同盟・大阪YMCA 編．1984.『四ヶ国手話辞典１（聾人手語）』（第3版）大阪: 大阪YMCA. [ 台湾手話、日本手話、香港手話、マレーシア手話の手話辞典．韓国手話の指文字ページあり．]

1980.『聾人手語』（改定版）大阪: 大阪YMCA. [ 台湾手話、日本手話、香港手話の手話辞典]

1979.『聾人手語』（第1版）香港: 香港中華YMCA. [ 台湾手話、日本手話、香港手話の手話辞典]

■文献

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中村かれん. 1998.「Ｕターンデフ、デフ・ショックと難聴者の誕生：変わりつつある日本のろう者社会の境界」『手話コミュニケーション研究』（全日本ろうあ連盟日本手話研究所）27（1998.3）:58-59.　[1997/11/19-23. アメリカワシントンＤＣ.　第96回全米人類学者協会大会（AAA=American Anthropological Association）での発表報告／邦訳：中村かれん]

Morgan, Michael. 1998. Tracking topic in Japanese Sign Language discourse: Index and icon. Presentation at Sixth International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research

Nakamura, Karen. 1998. 「民族としてのろう社会：ろう者のアイデンティティ・カルチャーと手話言語コミュニティの形成」 『日本手話研究所所報』 1998.3 (27). [Ethnically deaf: identity, culture, and the making of sign language communities. In : Sign Language Communication Studies. April, 1998. Tokyo: Japanese Institute for Sign Language studies.

ノナカ, アンジェラ．1998．「現代日本の文化的デフアイデンティティ」『手話コミュニケーション研究』（全日本ろうあ連盟日本手話研究所）27（1998．3）:57-58. [1997/11/19-23. アメリカワシントンＤＣ.　第96回全米人類学者協会大会（AAA=American Anthropological Association）での発表報告／邦訳：中村かれん]

森壮也. 1998.「いくつものろう者社会：日本手話使用社会におけるアイデンティティとイデオロギー」『手話コミュニケーション研究』（全日本ろうあ連盟日本手話研究所）27（1998．3）:58. [1997/11/19-23. アメリカワシントンＤＣ.　第96回全米人類学者協会大会（AAA=American Anthropological Association）での発表報告／邦訳：中村かれん]

Patschke, Cynthia. 1998. A comparative study of the body lean in ASL and JSL contrastive focus. In : Japanese Journal of Sign Linguistics, 14(2), 21-40.

Okamoto, Inemaru. 1997. Kindai moorookyooiku no seiritu to hatten : Hurukawa Toisiroo no syoogai kara. [The Rise and Development of Modern Blind/Deaf Education : From the Life of Toshiro furukawa.] Tokyo : NHK(Nihon Hoosoo Kyokai). 岡本稲丸著　『近代盲聾教育の成立と発展　古河太四郎の生涯から』　東京　日本放送出版協会.

Seino, Shigeru. 1997. Syoowa syoki syuwa-koowa ronsoo nikansuru kenkyuu ( A study on the dispute between sign language and pure speech method in the early Showa era) In : Siritsu nayoro tanki daigaku kiyoo (Bulletin of Nayoro City College 29. 57-80. 清野 茂. 1997. 「昭和初期手話-口話論争に関する研究」『市立名寄短期大学紀要』 29, 57-80.

Kato, Daisuke. 1996. Education at the Japan Oral School for the Deaf (Nippon Rowa Gakko), In : Early Child Development and Care. 122: 51-62.

Mori, Soya. 1996. JSL phonology from comparative study between JSL and ASL. Presentation at Fifth International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research

Supalla, Ted and Yutaka Osugi. 1996. Structural analysis of gender handshapes in Japanese Sign Language (Nihon Syuwa). Presentation at Fifth International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research

Kimura, Harumi and Ichida Yasuhiro. 1995. Hazimete no Syuwa. Tokyo : Nihonbungeisha. (木村晴美　市田康弘　『はじめての手話』　東京　日本文芸社.)

Torigoe, Takashi and Harumi Kimura. 1995. Deaf Life on Isoraled Japanese Islands. In : Sign Language Studies. 24. 167-174.

Torigoe, Takashi. 1994. Resumptive X structures in Japanese Sign Language. In : Ahlgren, Inger / Bergman, Brita / Brennan, Mary eds. Perspectives on Sign Language Structure. Durham : International Sign Linguistics Association. 187-200.

Tsuchiya, Michiko. 1994. The deaf Japanese and their self-identity. In: Erting, Carol J., Robert C. Johnson, Dorothy L. Smith, and Bruce D. Snider eds. The Deaf Way: Perspectives from the international conference on Deaf culture. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.65-68.

Fischer, Susan. D. 1992. Agreement in Japanese Sign Language. Paper presented at the Linguistic Society of America, Los Angeles, January 8.

1992. Japan In : Turkington, Carol, and Allen E. Sussman eds. The encyclopedia of deafness and hearing disorders [first edition]. New York : Facts on File.

Honna, Nobuyuki and Mihoko Kato. 1991. The sign language situation in Japan : problems and solutions. In: Equality and Self-reliance. Proceedings of the XI World Congress of the World Federation of the Deaf, Tokyo, Japan, July 1991. 716-732.

Tajima, Masao. 1988. The present state and issues of the hard of hearing movement in Japan. (Presented at the 16th World Congress of Rehabilitation International).

Yosuke, Kawai. 1988. Welfare of hearing impaired persons in Japan.　(Presented at the 16th World Congress of Rehabilitation International).

Kanda, Kazuyuki. 1987. Sign languages : Japanese. In : Van Cleve, John V. (editor in chief), Gallaudet College eds. Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness. New York: McGraw-Hill. vol.3. 89-92.

Arakawa, Isamu. 1987. Japan. In : Van Cleve, John V. (editor in chief), Gallaudet College eds. Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness. New York: McGraw-Hill. vol.2. 109-112.

Imanishi, Takao. 1985. Origin and growth. In: I. G. Taylor ed. The Education of the Deaf. Current Perspectives, vol. 4. 2018-2019.

Yonekawa, Akihiko. 1984. The history of the Japanese word shuwa (sign language). In : Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Sign Language Studies. 6: 11-16.

Yonekawa, Akihiko. 1982. Silent communication in the middle of the Meiji period. In : Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Sign Language Studies. 4: 26-39.

Peng, FCC. 1974. Kinship signs in Japanese Sign Language. In : Sign Language Studies. 5: 31-47.

Kawamoto, Unosuke. 1933. The development of education for the deaf in Japan. In : Proceedings of the International Congress on the Education of the Deaf, New Jersey School for the Deaf, June 18 to 23, 1933. 594-600.

Wright, John Dutton. 1926. Schools for the Deaf in the Orient. In : Volta Review.28: 49-52. [Subsequent articles on pp. 348-355; 415-417; 593-595; 769-770; report on South Asian schools.(includs Philippines, Japan, Burma(Myanmar), India and Ceylon(Sri Lanka))

Kramer, Lois F. 1925. Five years of speech for deaf children. In : Japan Evangelist. (1925, July) 246-47.

Kramer, Lois F. 1921. Making the eyes to hear: the story of the Japan deaf oral school. In : Japan Evangelist. (1921, Oct.) 250-252.

1915. Short account of the Tokyo Ro-a Gakko. Tokyo: Tokyo Ro-a Gakko.

1915. Teaching the Deaf in China, Japan, and Korea. In : Volta Review. 17: 314.

Simmons, A. L. 1912. The deaf in Japan. In : The Teacher of the Deaf. 10: 79-82.

Konishi, Shimpachi. 1910. Education of the blind and dumb. In: Education in Japan; prepared for the Japan-Britain Exhibition, 1910. Part 9: 1-13. Tokyo: Department of Education.

1903. Monographs on the Education of the Blind and Deaf in the Kyoto, Japan, Institution. In : Association Review. 5 : 397.

1903. Short account of the Tokyo Blind and Dumb school. Tokyo: Tokyo Blind and Dumb School [Moa-Gakko].

1899. Rapport sommaire sur l'Ecole des Aveugles et des Sourds-Muets de Tokyo. In : The Association Review, an educational magazine. 2 (1900): 189-191,

1883. Deaf-mute education in Japan. In : American Annals of the Deaf. 28 (4) 271-272.

Saruhashi, Junko and Yuko Takeshita. Ten Linguistic Issues in Japan: The Impact of Globalization. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

■映像・ビデオ

Sign Media Inc. ed. 1990. Signs around the world. Japan. Burtonsville, Maryland: SMI (30 min.)

■研究者

■研究史

■行事

■外部リンク

Deaf cultures and Sign Languages of the world: Japan

Fingeralphabete (Japan)

Kyoto Prefectural Education Center Website with explanations in English

日本手話通訳士協会 (Japanese Association of Sign Language Interpreters)

日本手話学会　Japanese Association of Sign Linguistics (JASL)

Sign Puddle Online 1.5 : Write Sign Language Dictionaries & Literature in Any Sign Language in the World...

Bibliography on Deaf Communities in Japan by Karen Nakamura -- Yale University (last updated on October 7th, 1995 and has 55 references.)

手話文法研究室 Sign Language Linguistics Net: by Ichida Yasuhiro

日本手話関連情報のページ

■備考