Australia

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Basic information of the country/area
Name of the country/area Australia
Formal name of the country/area Australia
Country/area information The World Factbook (CIA)
Wikipedia (English)


Contents

Indigenous signs for "Australia"

Illustrations in the literature

"Australia" (In: Japanese Federation of the Deaf ed. Supervisor: Hedberg, Tomas. 2003. Country name-signs. Helsinki, Finland: World Federation of the Deaf. 12.)


Spoken languages

English


Sign languages

Australian Sign Language

Australian Aborigines Sign Language


Related sign languages:

Australasian Sign Language(an attempt to merge Australian Sign Language and New Zealand Sign Language into one common sign language)

British Sign Language

American Sign Language

Irish Sign Language


Population of Deaf/deaf people

  • Deaf Australia's official or approximate number of Deaf (Sign language users) people: 16,000. (WFD. 2008. Global Survey Report. : See Bibliography below.)


Legal status of sign languages

  • The Australian Government has recognised the Deaf community as a language group. ( Auslan Policy)


  • Status of the National Sign Language(s) from WFD. 2008. Global Survey Report. (See Bibliography below).

1. The government recognises the country's sign language(s) in : the Policy.

2. The year when the country’s government formally recognises the country’s sign language(s): 1991.

3. Deaf Association/Deaf Group lobbies the government for the recognition of the country’s sign language(s).


Organizations and associations of the Deaf/deaf

  • Australian Association of the Deaf (WFD member, data in 2002, cited from "Signs of country names" (Japanese edition, Japan Institute for Sign Language Studies ed. 2002. Tokyo: Japanese Federation of the Deaf))


Institutes, associations and universities for sign language studies

Education for the Deaf

  • Access to Education from WFD. 2008. Global Survey Report. (See Bibliography below).

1.The government recognizes that Deaf children and Deaf students have the right to receive an education.

2.Legislation or policies on Deaf Education:

School education is provided by State governments. Each state has its own policy on Deaf education. Education at all levels is also covered in the Disability Discrimination Act and the State Anti-Discrimination Acts.

3.The government provides those educational settings for Deaf children and Deaf students:

Kindergarten (Between 3/4 years old to 5/6 years old)
Primary (From 5/6 years old to 12/13 years old)
Secondary (From 12/13 years old to 17/18 years old)
University (After 18 years old)are not under the government

4.The government provides bilingual education using the country’s sign language(s) for Deaf children and Deaf students in those educational settings:

Early intervention (Up to 5 years old)
Kindergarten (Between 3/4 years old to 5/6 years old)
Primary (From 5/6 years old to 12/13 years old)
Secondary (From 12/13 years old to 17/18 years old)
University (After 18 years old)
Vocational Education/Training

5.Schools specifically for Deaf children and Deaf students in the country, and the educational approach for communicating with Deaf children and students at the Deaf School:

Approx 4 Special schools. Others are provided as special education units attached to ordinary schools.
Different schools provide different approaches (Bilingual Education, Oral Method, Oral and Sign Language (Total Communication), Auditory Verbal and others). Most Deaf students are mainstreamed into hearing schools with part-time itinerant support from teachers of the Deaf, and most of this support follows the oral approach.

6.Deaf people’s access to a University education and sign language interpreting services at University:

Most universities will provide support services if requested. Support includes interpreting, note taking, specialist tutoring; listening aids (eg FM systems).


Sign language interpretation

  • There is an association of sign language interpreters in Australia. from WASLI Activities Report 2007-2011 (See Bibliography below).
  • Status of Sign Language Interpreting Services from WFD. 2008. Global Survey Report. (See Bibliography below).

1.The number of sign language interpreters in the country:

Accredited: 449 Interpreters
Actively working as interpreters: 302

2.Sign language interpreting qualifications in the country: There is.

3.The provider of the training for people who want to become qualified sign language interpreters:

University
Community College

4.Total years of training to become a sign languate interpreters:

Depends. If starting from scratch, learning Auslan first, it takes at least 3-4 years. If fluent in Auslan and entering a formal interpreting programme, it can be a one-year course. If fluent in Auslan training can also be on-the-job as a trainee interpreter, who then sits for a qualification test.

5.The number of sign language interpreters who have formal interpreting qualifications in the country:

449 Interpreters when last counted (2004)

6.The way Deaf people access sign language interpreters:

Depends on what they want them for. If for a private health appointment, they can contact the National Auslan Booking Service and book an interpreter themselves. If in a public hospital they ask the hospital to arrange an interpreter. If going to a conference, they ask the conference organiser to arrange interpreters. Usually they ask the service provider to arrange an interpreter, or they ask their state Deaf Society and the Deaf Society negotiates for them with the service provider.

7.The provider of the sign language interpreting services:

Government
Other(Deaf service providers (Deaf Societies))

8.The area of life sign language interpreting services are available:

Social Services
Health/Medical Services
Employment Services
Court Services
Educational Services
Counselling Services
Financial Institutions
Funerals/Weddings
Entertainment
Others

9.The payment for interpreting services, and those who are responsible for paying:

Sign language interpreters receive payment for interpreting services.
Government pays
Others: Service providers do. Some Deaf-specific service providers (Deaf Societies) pay the interpreting fees for some situations.)

10.The average hourly rate of payment for sign language interpreters:

Freelance AUD47.00 (approx) (28€ on 31st January 2008)
Agency staff AUD21.00 (approx) (13€ on 31st January 2008)

11.Sign language interpreters do not provide voluntary service for all sign language interpreting assignments.

12.National Association of Sign Language Interpreters:

independent from the National Association of the Deaf.

13.National Code of Ethics for sign language interpreters:

There is. (ASLIA. 2007. See Bibliography below)

14.Legislation or policy in the country which states that the government has a responsibility for the provision of sign language :

The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 requires government to provide interpreters for access to their own services, but does not require them to be responsible for providing interpreters for services not directly provided by them.
Australia has 6 states and 2 Territories and all have their own Disability Discrimination Acts and/or policies that require the State/Territory government to provide interpreting for their State/Territory government services; furthermore, the Australian Government recognises Auslan as a community language through the Commonwealth’s Language and Literacy Policy 1991 (but this policy does not require government to specifically provide sign language interpreting services)
The Australian Government provides funding for the National Auslan Booking Service (NABS) (for medical interpreting) and Auslan For Employment (AFE) for Deaf people to access interpreters in their first year of employment (up to AUD5,000; it also includes sign language course and awareness training for employer and employees)


Deaf communities and cultures

Religious activities by the Deaf

Famous Deaf persons and hearing persons concerned with sign languages

Sign language dictionaries

Wilson, Lyn, Brian Bernal and, Deaf Children Australia eds. 2004. Dictionary of AUSLAN. Deaf Children Australia

Johnston, Trevor and Peter Wilkin eds. 1998. Signs of Australia : a new dictionary of Auslan (the sign language of the Australian deaf community), 2nd ed. North Rocks, NSW, Australia: North Rocks Press, Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children.

Johnston, Trevor. 1989. AUSLAN Dictionary. A dictionary of the sign language of the Australian deaf community. Victoria : Aust. Print Group.

Jeanes, Raymond C., Brian E. Reynolds and Bernadette C. Coleman. 1989. Dictionary of Australasian signs for communication with the deaf, 3nd ed. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Victorian School for Deaf Children.

Jeanes, Raymond C., Brian E. Reynolds and Bernadette C. Coleman. 1989. Dictionary of Australasian signs for communication with the deaf, 2nd ed. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Victorian School for Deaf Children.

Wright, Cheryl D. 1980. Walpiri hand talk: an illustrated dictionary of hand signs used by the Walpiri people of central Australia. Darwin, NT: Northern Territory Department of Education.


Bibliography

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Dillon, Angela. 2016. Naming And Framing: The Influences Of Early Auslan Linguistic Research On Community Discourse. Oral presentation at Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research Conference (TISLR 12).

Johnston, Trevor. 2016. The Syntactic Distribution Of Pronoun-Like Signs In Auslan. Oral presentation at Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research Conference (TISLR 12).

Manns, Howard, Shimako Iwasaki, Louisa Willoughby and Meredith Bartlett. 2016. The Polite And The Politic Of Unfolding Tactile Auslan Conversation. Oral presentation at Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research Conference (TISLR 12).

Johnston, Trevor and Jane van Roekel. 2014. Mouth-based non-manual coding schema used in the Auslan corpus: explanation, application and preliminary results. Presentation at the 6th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the manual channel (LREC 2014, Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation), 31 May 2014)

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Ebling, Sarah, Kearsy Cormier, Jordan Fenlon, Penny Boyes Braem and Trevor Johnston. 2013. Identifying and Comparing Semantic Relations across Signed and Spoken Languages. Oral presentation at Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research (TISLR11).

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1992. Australia. In : Turkington, Carol, and Allen E. Sussman eds. The encyclopedia of deafness and hearing disorders [first edition]. New York : Facts on File.

Johnston, Trevor. 1991. Spatial syntax and spatial semantics in the inflection of signs for the marking of person and location in AUSLAN. In: International Journal of Sign Linguistics. 1 2, 29-62.

Johnston, Trevor. 1991. Transcription and glossing of sign language texts: examples from Auslan (Australian Sign Language). In : International Journal of Sign Linguistics, 2(1), 3-28.

Quek, Joan. Summer 1991. Occasions for sign use in an Australian Aborigine community. In: Sign Language Studies. 71. 143-160. [Including information of Manjiljarra Sign Language ]

Deaf Society of New South Wales. 1989. Operation Knock Knock : A Profile of the Deaf Community of New South Wales. Parramatta, NSW : Deaf Society of New South Wales.

Johnston, Trevor. 1989. Auslan: the sign language of the Australian deaf community. University of Sydney.

Kendon Adam. 1988. Parallels and divergences between Walbiri Sign Language and spoken Warlpiri: analyses of signed and spoken discourses. In : Oceania. 58. 239-54.

Kendon, Adam. 1988. Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

MacDougall, James. 1988. The development of the Australian Signed English system. In: The Australian Teacher of the Deaf. 29 : 18-36.

Flynn, J.W. 1987. Sign languages : Australian. In : Van Cleve, John V. (editor in chief), Gallaudet College eds. Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness. New York : McGraw-Hill. vol.3. 56-58.

Kendon, Adam. 1987. Simultaneous Speaking and Signing in Walbiri Sign Language Users. In : Multilingua. 1987, 6: 25-68.

Kendon, Adam. 1987. Sign languages : Australian Aboriginal. In : Van Cleve, John V. (editor in chief), Gallaudet College eds. ‘’Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness.’’ New York : McGraw-Hill. vol.3. 58-59.

Power, D.J. 1987. Australia. In : Van Cleve, John V. (editor in chief), Gallaudet College eds. Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness. New York : McGraw-Hill. vol.1. 126-130.

Kendon, A. 1986.Iconicity in Walbiri Sign Language . In P. Bouissac, M. Herzfeld and R. Posner, eds., Iconicity: Essays on the Nature of Culture. Festschrift for Thomas A. Sebeok on his 65th Birthday, Tubingen: Stauffenburg Verlag. 437-446.

Kendon, Adam. 1985. Variation in Central Australian Aboriginal Sign language: A preliminary report. In : Language in Central Australia. 1(4): 1-11.

Flynn, John. W. 1984. No Longer By Gaslight.  the first 100 years of the Adult Deaf Society of Victoria. Melbourne : Adult Deaf Society of Victoria.

Kendon, Adam. 1984. Knowledge of sign language in an Australian Aboriginal community. In : Journal of Anthropological Research. 1984. (40), 556-576.

Kendon, Adam. 1980. The sign language of the women of Yuendumu: A preliminary report on the structure of Warlpiri sign language. In : Sign Language Studies. 1980 (27), 101-112.

Wright, C.D. 1980. Walpiri Hand Talk: An Illustrated Dictionary of Hand Signs used by the Walpiri People of Central Australia. Darwin: N.T. Department of Education.


Umiker-Seboek, Donna J. and Thomas A. Sebeok eds. 1978. Aboriginal Sign Languages of the Americas and Australia. v.2. New York. Plenum Press.

Contents: ・ Miller, Wick R. 1978. A report on the sign language of the Western Desert (Australia). 435-440. [Including information of Western Desert Sign Language ]

・ Meggit, Mervyn. 1954.=1978. Sign language among the Walbiri of Central Australia. 409-423. [Including information of Walbiri Sign Language ]

・ Love, James Robert Beattie. 1941=1978. Worora kinship gestures. 403-405. [Including information of Worora Kinship Sign Language ]

・ Berndt, Ronald Murray. 1940=1978. Notes on the sign-language of the Jaralde tribe of the Lower River Murray, South Australia. 397-402. [Including information of Jaralde Sign Language ]

・ Mountford, Charles Pearcy. 1938=1978. Gesture language of the Ngada tribe of the Warburton Ranges, Western Australia. 393-396. [Including information of Ngada Sign Language ]

・ Warner, W. Lloyd. 1937=1978. Murngin Sign Language. 389-392.

・ Strehlow, Carl. 1907=1978. The sign language of the Aranda. 349-370. [Including information of Aranda Sign Language ]

・ Roth, Walter E. 1897=1978. The expression of ideas by manual signs: a sign-language. 273-301. [Information collected from the following tribes; Pitta-Pitta, Boinji, Ulaolinya, Wonkajera, Walookera, Undekerebina, Kalkadoon, Mitakoodi, Woonamurra, Goa.]


Meggit, Mervyn. 1954. Sign language among the Walbiri of Central Australia. In: Oceania. 1954. 25(1): 2-16. (Reprinted in Umiker-Seboek and Sebeok eds. 1978. 409-423.) [Including information of Walbiri Sign Language ]

Mountford, Charles Pearcy. 1949. Gesture language of the Walpari tribe, central Australia. In : Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 1949, 73: 100-101.

Love, James Robert Beattie. 1941. Worora kinship gestures. In : Transactions Of The Royal Society Of South Australia 65(1) 108-109. (Reprinted in Umiker-Seboek and Sebeok eds. 1978. 403-405.) [Including information of Worora Kinship Sign Language ]

Berndt, Ronald Murray. 1940. Notes on the sign-language of the Jaralde tribe of the Lower River Murray, South Australia. In : Transactions Of The Royal Society Of South Australia 64(2) 267-272. (Reprinted in Umiker-Seboek and Sebeok eds. 1978. 397-402. [Including information of Jaralde Sign Language ]

Mountford, Charles Pearcy. 1938. Gesture language of the Ngada tribe of the Warburton Ranges, Western Australia. In: Oceania 9: 152-155. (Reprinted in Umiker-Seboek and Sebeok eds. 1978. 393-396.) [Including information of Ngada Sign Language ]

Warner, W. Lloyd. 1937. Murngin Sign Language. In: Warner, W. Lloyd ed. A Black Civilization. New York: Harper and Row. (Reprinted in Umiker-Seboek and Sebeok eds. 1978. 389-392.)

Strehlow, Carl. 1907. The sign language of the Aranda. In: Strehlow, Carl. Ed. Die Aranda-und-Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien. Frankfurt: Baer; translated by C. Chewings. (Reprinted in Umiker-Seboek and Sebeok eds. 1978. 349-370.) [Including information of Aranda Sign Language ]

Haddon, Alfred C. 1907. The gesture language of the Eastern Islanders. In: Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. v.3. Cambridge, England: The University Press. [Including information of Torres Straits Islander Sign Language ]

Roth, Walter E. 1897. The expression of ideas by manual signs: a sign-language. In: Roth, W.E. eds. Ethnological studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines. London: Queensland Agent-Generals Information Office. 71-90. (Reprinted in Umiker-Seboek and Sebeok eds. 1978. 273-301.) [Information collected from the following tribes; Pitta-Pitta, Boinji, Ulaolinya, Wonkajera, Walookera, Undekerebina, Kalkadoon, Mitakoodi, Woonamurra, Goa.]

Films and videos

Carty, Brenda M., Neale, J. and Desmond Power. 1997. Deaf studies program: p-7(Video unit 3: Deaf people in the past in Australia). Brisbane : Language Australia centre for Deafness and communication studies, Griffith University.

Sign Media Inc. ed. 1990. Signs around the world. Australia. Burtonsville, Maryland: SMI (30 min.)


Researchers

History of sign language research

Events

Links

Australian Communication Exchange

The Auslan Shop

Auslan Signbank

Australian Sign Language Interpreters' Association

Delivering quality educational outcomes for Deaf and hearing impaired students: The Transition to Auslan

National Auslan Interpreter Booking and Payment Service

Report on Supply and Demand for Auslan Interpreters

Deaf Community - Australia

Deaf cultures and Sign Languages of the world: Australia

Fingeralphabete (Australien)

The Auslan Tuition System

Sign Puddle Online 1.5 : Write Sign Language Dictionaries & Literature in Any Sign Language in the World...

The Auslan Company

Iltyem-iltyem 'signalling with hands, using handsigns'


Notes

Countries and areas of Oceania
Oceania (general) Oceania (general)
Continent Australia
Polynesia Kiribati | New Zealand | Samoa | Tonga | Tuvalu
Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia | Marshall Islands | Nauru | Palau
Melanesia Fiji | Papua New Guinea | Solomon Islands | Vanuatu
Areas and others
Personal tools
In other languages
AACoRE > Projects > AASL
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